{"id":12944,"date":"2023-03-22T10:26:07","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T09:26:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/rudolf-manga-bell\/"},"modified":"2023-06-13T11:36:02","modified_gmt":"2023-06-13T09:36:02","slug":"rudolf-manga-bell","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/biographies\/rudolf-manga-bell\/","title":{"rendered":"Rudolf Manga Bell"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Rudolf Duala Manga Bell<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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(born 1873 in the Douala region \u2013 executed in 1914 in Douala) <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\"You are hanging innocent blood. You kill me In vain. Damn the Germans. God, I beseech You; hear my last will, that Germans may never again set foot on this soil.\" <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Rudolf Duala Manga Bell denounced the violent treatment of his people under German colonial rule\u2014and was executed for <\/span>his efforts<\/span>.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Manga Bell was king of the Duala ethnic group <\/span>of<\/span> the Bonanjo clan. His grandfather, King Bell, had signed the so-called protection treaty for the foundation of the German colony in Cameroon in 1884. Manga Bell attended the German government school in Cameroon and lived in Germany for several years as a “foster son” and guest student. After his return, he took on a mediating role as “high chief” and was <\/span>tasked with<\/span> implementing colonial policy.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Witnessing brutal colonial crimes and realising that German policy was aimed at depriving his people of their livelihood, Manga Bell began to resist. In 1905, he wrote an open letter to the Reich Colonial Office, in which he underlined the interests of his people. His petitions against the German breach of law and the undignified treatment of his people were dismissed by the German side as “impudent”. <\/span>The<\/span> hopes <\/span>he placed in<\/span> the German public were also bitterly disappointed and the press agitated against him. Manga Bell, in principle willing to cooperate with the German colonial government, wanted to be considered a full citizen.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

His protest against the exploitative and inhumane policies of the German colonial power <\/span>eventually<\/span> cost him his life. He was hanged shortly before the <\/span>onset<\/span> of the First World War. This judicial murder, not <\/span>yet fully dealt with<\/span> in Germany, continues to shape Cameroon’s commemorative culture to this day.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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* \u201eWie Douala Manga Bell den Glauben an die deutsche Kolonialmacht verlor\u201c, Radiobeitrag Deutsche Welle, 29.11.2014.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Credits: Jean-Pierre F\u00e9lix-Eyoum, Dorfen<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (born 1873 in the Douala region \u2013 executed in 1914 in Douala) “You are hanging innocent blood. You kill me In vain. Damn the Germans. God, I beseech You; hear my last will, that Germans may never again set foot on this soil.” Rudolf Duala Manga Bell denounced the violent treatment […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":28,"featured_media":0,"parent":13018,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12944","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/28"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12944"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13049,"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12944\/revisions\/13049"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13018"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.toleranzraeume.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}